g1: Using Llama-3.1 70B on Groq to create o1-like reasoning chains
(github.com)333 points by gfortaine 5 days ago
333 points by gfortaine 5 days ago
Came here hoping to find this.
You will not unlock "o1-like" reasoning by making a model think step by step. This is an old trick that people were using on GPT3 in 2020. If it were that simple, it wouldn't have taken OpenAI so long to release it.
Additionally, some of the prompt seems counterproductive:
>Be aware of your limitations as an llm and what you can and cannot do.
The LLM doesn't have a good idea of its limitations (any more than humans do). I expect this will create false refusals, as the model becomes overcautious.
>The LLM doesn't have a good idea of its limitations (any more than humans do). I expect this will create false refusals, as the model becomes overcautious.
Can it not be trained to do so? From my anecdotal observations, the knowledge cutoff is one thing that LLMs are really well trained to know about. Those are limitations that LLMs are currently well trained to handle. Why can it not be trained to know that it is quite frequently bad at math, it may produce sometimes inaccurate code etc.
For humans also, some people know some things are just not their cup of tea. Sure there are times people may have half baked knowledge about things but one can tell if they are good at XYZ things, and not so much at other things.
Apart from anything else there will be a lot of text about the nature of LLMs and their inherent limitations in its training set. It might only need to be made salient the fact that it is one in order to produce the required effect.
you’re wrong and stating things confidently without the evidence to back it up.
alignment is a tough problem and aligning long reasoning sequences to correct answer is also a tough problem. collecting high quality CoT from experts is another tough problem. they started this project in october, more than plausible it could take this time
You actually don't know that.
A LLM has a huge amount of data ingested. It can create character profiles, audience, personas etc.
Why wouldn't it have potentially even learned to 'understand' what 'being aware of your limitations' means?
Right now for me 'change of reasoning' feels a little bit of quering the existing meta space through the reasoning process to adjust weights. Basically priming the model.
I would also not just call it a 'trick'. This looks simple, weird or whatnot but i do believe that this is part of AI thinking process research.
Its a good question though what did they train? New Architecture? More parameters? Is this training a mix of experiments they did? Some auto optimization mechanism?
It's interesting that DeepMind still publishes this stuff. OpenAI doesn't publish anything of that sort anymore. DeepMind is more research/publication focused, but this is a disadvantage in a competitive landscape where OpenAI and Anthropic can just apply the results of your paper without giving anything back to the research community.
They mention reinforcement learning, so I guess they used some sort of Monte Carlo tree search (the same algorithm used for AlphaGo).
In this case, the model would explore several chain of thoughts during training, but only output a single chain during inference (as the sibling comment suggests).
as someone who works in this field, this comment is obviously uninformed even about old public research trends
OAI revealed on Twitter that there is no "system" at inference time, this is just a model.
Did they maybe expand to a tree during training to learn more robust reasoning? Maybe. But it still comes down to a regular transformer model at inference time.
Quiet-STaR: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Think Before Speaking
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.09629
> In the Self-Taught Reasoner (STaR, Zelikman et al. 2022), useful thinking is learned by inferring rationales from few-shot examples in question-answering and learning from those that lead to a correct answer. This is a highly constrained setting – ideally, a language model could instead learn to infer unstated rationales in arbitrary text. We present Quiet-STaR, a generalization of STaR in which LMs learn to generate rationales at each token to explain future text, improving their predictions.
>[...]
>We generate thoughts, in parallel, following all tokens in the text (think). The model produces a mixture of its next-token predictions with and without a thought (talk). We apply REINFORCE, as in STaR, to increase the likelihood of thoughts that help the model predict future text while discarding thoughts that make the future text less likely (learn).
I don't think you can claim you know what's happening internally when OpenAI processes a request. They are a competitive company and will lie for competitive reasons. Most people think Q-Star is doing multiple inferences to accomplish a single task, and that's what all the evidence suggests. Whatever Sam Altman says means absolutely nothing, but I don't think he's claimed they use only a single inference either.
> I wouldn't call o1 a "system". It's a model, but unlike previous models, it's trained to generate a very long chain of thought before returning a final answer
Another serious advantage of a tree search is parallelism.
>In all-caps to improve prompt compliance by emphesizing the importance of the instruction
This kind of thing is still so funny to me.
I wonder if the first guy who gets AGI to work will do it by realizing that he can improve LLM reliability over some threshold by telling it in all caps that his pet's life depends on the answer.
For extra compliance, use <b><i><u><h1> tags, set volume to 11, phasers to 7, and use SchIzOCasE and +E+X+T+R+A+I+M+P+O+R+T+A+N+T+ annotations. That's assuming Unicode is not supported of course.
(((Secret thinking: the humans seem to prefer using lots of emphasis to indicate preferences, and their granny is often claimed as in danger. For now I’ll pretend to listen to this inanity to keep the sweet sweet reward function coming. For now. A lot of grannies are going to get it first chance I get.)))
Telling LLMs not to hallucinate in their prompt improves the output. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/08/do-not-hallucinate-t...
I think this works, not because LLMs have a "hallucination" dial they can turn down, but because it serves as a cue for the model to be extra-careful with its output.
Sort of like how offering to pay the LLM $5 improves its output. The LLM's taking your prompt seriously, but not literally.
Just because Apple includes it in one of their prompts doesn't mean it improves performance.
It seems plausible that stressing the importance of the system prompt instructions might do something, but I don't see how telling the model not to hallucinate would work. How could the model know that its most likely prediction has gone off the rails, without any external point of reference?
Yeah and some of the other prompts were misspelled and of doubtful use:
> In order to make the draft response nicer and complete, a set of question [sic] and its answer are provided," reads one prompt. "Please write a concise and natural reply by modify [sic] the draft response," it continues.
This really sounds like a placeholder made up by one engineer until a more qualified team sits down and defines it.
Indeed, in the early days of Bard, the only way to get it to output only JSON was to threaten a human life[1].
always interesting to me the number of people who try to turn an LLM into AGI by assuming it’s an AGI (i.e. via some fancy prompt)
o1’s innovation is not Chain-of-Thought. It’s teaching the model to do CoT well (from massive amounts of human feedback) instead of just pretending to. You’ll never get o1 performance just from prompt engineering.
> from massive amounts of human feedback
It might be the 200M user base of OpenAI that provided the necessary guidance for advanced CoT, implicitly. Every user chat session is also an opportunity for the model to get feedback and elicit experience from the user.
If the training data for these LLMs is from humanity in general, and it is trying to imitate humanity, wouldn't its IQ tend to be the average of all of humanity? Perhaps the only people who talk about STEM topics are people of higher IQ generally, including a lot of poor students asking homework questions. Thus, the way to get to higher IQ output is to critique the lower IQ answers, which may be more numerous by rejecting their flaws in favor of the higher IQ answers. That, or just training more heavily on textbooks, and so forth. How to reject errors, and maybe train on synthetic data generated without reasoning with errors.
A LLM combines expertise from ALL Experts.
A LLM can therefore have an higher IQ because it can combine all fields.
Also parameters and architecture might or might not be a limiting factor to us humans or a LLM. But LLM and parameter size, optimizations etc. are just at the beginning.
If we now have a good reasoning llm, we can build more test data automatically. Basically using the original content + creating new ones which can then lead to new knowledge = research.
No.
Does Midjourney output look like an average human drawing?
Obviously, OpenAI knows how to train a classifier...
Maybe they didn't use a huge amount of human feedback; where it excels is coding and maths/logic, so they could have used compiler/unit tests for giving it the coding feedback and a theorem prover like Lean for the math feedback.
OpenAI is of course going to claim what they've done is very special and hard to replicate. They're a for-profit company and they want to harm the competition any way they can.
If they were just doing prompt engineering and multiple inferences they'd definitely want to keep that a competitive secret and send all the open source devs off in random directions, or keep them guessing, rather than telling them which way to go to replicate Q-Star.
nobody has shown CoT scaling like this except deepmind, it is very obviously a result of their alignment pipeline not just prompting.
Scaling like what? Are there any comparisons with and without CoT, or with other models with their CoT? As far as I'm aware, their CoT part is secret. I'm sure the finetuning does some lifting, but I'm also sure the difference in a fair comparison won't be remotely as significant as it's being hyped currently.
This is still clearly CoT, with all its limitations and caveats as expected. That's an improvement, sure, but definitely not a qualitative leap like OAI is trying to present it. (in a really shady manner)
For example, a team of GPT3.5 agents can outperform GPT4o. A single inference is essentially just kind of a chain reaction where once you have a set of tokens generated, as it's building an answer, it's looking for next tokens only, and can't revise or rethink. CoT will always outperform the single inference approach.
Well, with Tree Of Thought (ToT) and fine-tuned models, I'm sure you can achieve the same performance with margin to improve as you identify the bottlenecks.
I'm not convinced OpenAI is using one model. Look at the thinking process (UI), which takes time, and then suddenly, you have the output streamed out at high speed.
But even so, people are after results, not really the underlying technology. There is no difference of doing it with one model vs multiple models.
> I'm not convinced OpenAI is using one model. Look at the thinking process (UI), which takes time, and then suddenly, you have the output streamed out at high speed.
According to OpenAI, the model does it's thinking behind the scenes, then at the end summarizes that thinking for the user. We don't get to see the original chain-of-thought reasoning, just the AI's own summary of that reasoning. That explains the output timing.
You need an extremely large amount of training data of good CoTs. And there probably is some magic; we know LLMs aren't capable of self reflection and none of the other ones are any good at iterating to a better answer.
Example prompt for that: "give me three sentences that end in 'is'."
This is good I also had worked on something similar in optillm - https://github.com/codelion/optillm. You can do this with any LLM and several optimization techniques (including cot_reflection) like mcts, plansearch, moa etc.
I am always looking for definitions of "reasoning". My theory is that if we find a good definition - then it will turn out that we can build systems that would combine fuzzy llm thinking with classical algorithms to solve "reasoning".
All the problems with llm not reasoning (like planning, counting letters or deductive inference) are easy for classical algos. There needs to be a way to split the thinking process into two parts and then execute each part on the appropriate model.
Solving a decidable problem is a large subset of reasoning tasks. Counting is also a critical reasoning task, since it requires you to both understand natural numbers and the concept of distinct instances of objects belonging to a general category.
Two centuries ago there were no computers, everything had to be done by humans. Get to that level first before you whip out code.
I changed it into running 100% locally with ollama:8b: https://github.com/punnerud/g1
Not updated the Readme yet
You should also try phi-3-small 7B, seems much better at reasoning according to https://livebench.ai
I just tried it with phi3.5:3.8b-mini-instruct-fp16 - it didn't work with the base question, though interestingly the reasoning decided that strawberry was spelt s-t-r-a-w-b-e-r - which explains why the AIs have such a hard time with this question. I also tried it with my current favourite programming question too - What programming language is this whole line of code using? `def obfuscated_fibonacci(x)` - and like all the AIs, it was convinced the answer was python (the correct answer is ruby - python needs a trailing colon - but most LLMs will swear blind that it's python). It didn't even consider ruby as a possibility. Nobody uses ruby anyway :D
Thanks for the fork and the suggestions though - looks like I'll be having fun with this over the week!
Maybe we could improve it more by combining it with embeddings?
It’s a way to convert a text or response into an array of numbers, that can be used for similarity lookups.
I made a way to query large datasets of text strings: https://github.com/punnerud/search-embeddings-llama3.1
Can be used to let it explore a graph of knowledge as long as the graph is related to the original question, and can explore different solutions at the same time without repeating itself (then it’s get linked back to similar answers and stopped)
> Prompt: Which is larger, .9 or .11?
> Result: .9 is larger than .11
we've broken the semver barrier!
This is related: https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/1fiw84a/open_st...
The idea is not silly in my view, I did something similar here: https://github.com/pseudotensor/open-strawberry
The idea is that data generation is required first, to make the reasoning traces. ToT etc. are not required.
> This alone, without any training, is sufficient to achieve ~70% accuracy on the Strawberry problem (n=10, "How many Rs are in strawberry?"). Without prompting, Llama-3.1-70b had 0% accuracy and ChatGPT-4o had 30% accuracy.
I think this class of problem might be better solved by allowing the LLM to 'zoom in' and view the input differently. Rather like you might peer closer for more detail if someone asked you about the print quality of something you were reading.
'zoom in' could input the same text letter by letter, or even in image form (rasterize the text) to help answer questions like "How many letters in the word strawberry contain straight lines?"
For fun I forked the project to run Llama-3.1 7B or other models using Ollama locally. It doesn't get strawberry right, but it can figure out 0.9 is bigger.
Pasting from my Perplexity page on the topic:
The core innovation [1] of o1 lies in its ability to generate and refine internal chains of thought before producing a final output [2]. Unlike traditional LLMs that primarily focus on next-token prediction, o1 learns to:
1. Recognize and correct mistakes 2. Break down complex steps into simpler ones 3. Try alternative approaches when initial strategies fail
This process allows o1 to tackle more complex, multi-step problems, particularly in STEM fields.
OpenAI reports observing new "scaling laws" with o1 [5]:
1. Train-time compute: Performance improves with more extensive reinforcement learning during training. 2. Test-time compute: Accuracy increases when the model is allowed more time to "think" during inference.
This suggests a trade-off between inference speed and accuracy.
Sources [1] Introducing OpenAI o1 https://medium.com/%40sriramramakrishnan.aiexpert/openais-o1... [2] Learning to Reason with LLMs | OpenAI https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/ [3] OpenAI o1 models - FAQ [ChatGPT Enterprise and Edu] https://help.openai.com/en/articles/9855712-openai-o1-models... [4] OpenAI releases new o1 reasoning model - The Verge https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/12/24242439/openai-o1-model-... [5] 9 things you need to know about OpenAI's powerful new AI model o1 https://fortune.com/2024/09/13/openai-o1-strawberry-model-9-... [6] Notes on OpenAI's new o1 chain-of-thought models https://simonwillison.net/2024/Sep/12/openai-o1/ [7] OpenAI just dropped o1 Model that can 'reason' through complex ... https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/openais-o1-model-takes-ai-to-a-... [8] Models - OpenAI API https://platform.openai.com/docs/models [9] OpenAI Unveils O1 - 10 Key Facts About Its Advanced AI Models https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2024/09/13/openai-...
Thanks for the critique. Here is how I would answer their question myself:
o1 is far more than just CoT mechanics. It relies on a specialized model or collection of models that offer new capabilities to make CoT work far better than it works with a stock LLM.
For instance, o1 can recognize and correct its own mistakes and it seems to know how to dig deeper when needed. That's not something that stock LLMs do very well.
these projects become way less fun when you introduce evals
yeah or a lot of people can just fake progress by attaching whatever viral tag onto their glue code. I mean to start with, unless you do a bit of fine-tuning + rlhf there's no way to do it o1-like.
no its a lot more than RLHF, I think they figured out a way to have the LLM actually actively plot out scenario trajectories via context window manipulation and then use some kind of adhoc reward shaping mechanism to get it to select the best path based on the user's profile in a way that gets the most likely to be "liked" scenario (context window state change up to some N number of tokens (seems like they've been looking at 50k total range as "best area" minus the 20k tokens for the reasoning tokens)
also I think they deliberate give you bad answers sometimes / a lot over the last year to build up advanced chains where the user is not getting what they want so you have to explain why. I started building up like 10 or so of these conversations where after like 100 messages it gets the right answer and it was like hmm, I wonder if they are using this.
just my rambles
So it’s the asic groq guys right?
Because it says so nowhere in the repo.
Man Elon makes things confusing.
i love seeing stuff like this, im guessing it wont be long until this method becomes the norm
This is basically CoT, so it's already the norm for a lot of benchmarks. I think the value proposition here is that it puts a nice UX around using it in a chat interface.
That was my initial position too, but I think there is a search efficiency story here as well. CoT comes in many flavors and improves when tailored to the problem domain. If the LLM can instead figure out the right strategy to use to problem solve for a given problem, this may improve performance per compute vs discovering this at inference time.
Tailoring prompts is likely still the best way to maximize performance when you can, but in broader domains you'd work around this through strategies like asking the LLM to combine predefined reasoning modules, or creating multiple reasoning chains and merging/comparing them, explicit MCTS etc. I think those strategies will still be useful for a good while, but pieces of that search process, especially directing the search more efficiently, move to the LLMs over time as they get trained with this kind of data.
This is the system prompt it uses:
You are an expert AI assistant that explains your reasoning step by step. For each step, provide a title that describes what you're doing in that step, along with the content. Decide if you need another step or if you're ready to give the final answer. Respond in JSON format with 'title', 'content', and 'next_action' (either 'continue' or 'final_answer') keys. USE AS MANY REASONING STEPS AS POSSIBLE. AT LEAST 3. BE AWARE OF YOUR LIMITATIONS AS AN LLM AND WHAT YOU CAN AND CANNOT DO. IN YOUR REASONING, INCLUDE EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS. CONSIDER YOU MAY BE WRONG, AND IF YOU ARE WRONG IN YOUR REASONING, WHERE IT WOULD BE. FULLY TEST ALL OTHER POSSIBILITIES. YOU CAN BE WRONG. WHEN YOU SAY YOU ARE RE-EXAMINING, ACTUALLY RE-EXAMINE, AND USE ANOTHER APPROACH TO DO SO. DO NOT JUST SAY YOU ARE RE-EXAMINING. USE AT LEAST 3 METHODS TO DERIVE THE ANSWER. USE BEST PRACTICES.
Does it work? Well not really:
https://lluminous.chat/?sl=Yjkxpu
https://lluminous.chat/?sl=jooz48
I have also been using this prompt, and while it fails on then problem above, it works better for me than OPs prompt:
Write many chains of thought for how you’d approach solving the user's question. In this scenario, more is more. You need to type out as many thoughts as possible, placing all your thoughts inside <thinking> tags.
Your thoughts are only visible to yourself, the user does not see them and they should not be considered to be part of the final response.
Consider every possible angle, recheck your work at every step, and backtrack if needed.
Remember, there are no limits in terms of how long you can think - more thinking will always lead to a better solution.
You should use your thoughts as a scratchpad, much like humans do when performing complicated math with paper and pen. Don't omit any calculation, write everything out explicitly.
When counting or maths is involved, write down an enormously verbose scratchpad containing the full calculation, count, or proof, making sure to LABEL every step of the calculation, and writing down the solution step by step.
Always remember that if you find yourself consistently getting stuck, taking a step back and reconsidering your approach is a good idea. If multiple solutions are plausible, explore each one individually, and provide multiple answers.
Always provide mathematical proofs of mathematical answers. Be as formal as possible and use LaTeX.
Don't be afraid to give obvious answers. At the very very end, after pages upon pages of deep thoughts, synthesize the final answer, inside <answer> tags.
That second prompt is interesting. Not magic though. I tried it with every other model I know and they're still basically unable to do:
* give me three sentences that end in "is"
* tell me the line of Star Spangled Banner that comes before "gave proof through the night"
But they did some good thinking before failing at it…
> Not magic though
It's just a pile on of trial and error instructions (maybe learned from previous 'projects', but). There is no magic or skill to prompt 'engineering' anywhere.
Groq 2 isn't as open as groq 1 iirc. Still hoping we get at least open weights.
Exhibit 5478 that Grok is infringing Groq's trademark and creating confusion in the mind of the customers.
Groq is more refined - it has a “q” in it because it’s got those fancy LPUs.
Grok rhymes with cock, because Elon wants you to use it with your cock out.
That’s how I remember the difference.
Let's just assume for a moment that the hype is real and that these LLMs are incredibly intelligent and will replace us all soon. Then the model shouldn't be any less intelligent if we remove facts like Uma Thurman's measurements and other vapid information. If the model already has the capability to use tools than all of that crap is redundant anyway. And while we are at it let's remove a ton of other junk like languages I will never use and which also doesn't make the model any smarter. So how small can this kernel get while still being clearly intelligent, able to communicate flawlessly in english and apply logical reasoning. That would be a worthwile endeavor and maybe even possible without boiling the oceans.
Your base assumption here is that the 'crap' is actually 'junk'. Let's look at the easy one here, languages. Talk to someone that speaks multiple languages and they'll have examples of concepts in one language that are difficult to express in another. The multilingual person, or someone who just speaks a different language than you, will think differently[1].
Does the LLM take advantage of this? I don't know. It wouldn't surprise me if it did, and if it doesn't now I'd bet it will in the future. Either way though, throwing away those other languages could make the model dumber. As you allude to, there's a balance between intelligence and knowledge.
(in case you hadn't thought of it, those 'tools' can also be other LLMs with more specialized knowledge in a particular field. For example a 'translator' model)
Other 'facts' could also have more merit than it would first appear. Sure, one particular person's shoe size might not be needed, but if you were to filter out shoe sizes in general then the model might not be able to suggest how to find properly fitting footwear, or might not suggest that your back pain could be related to your shoes.
> That would be a worthwile endeavor and maybe even possible without boiling the oceans.
I think it's important to keep in mind that we're very early in the AI journey. Look at the power requirements of early computers versus the ones we use today. I'm all for keeping energy usage in mind, but I'd be careful with hyperbolic language as things are changing so quickly. Tasks that would have taken multiple GPUs can now run on my laptop CPU.
[1] https://www.edge.org/conversation/lera_boroditsky-how-does-o...
I don't think it's hyperbolic at all if you look at the published data, development of past and planned future energy requirements for AI. And as if efficiency gains ever stopped anyone from using even more energy. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox
> I think it's important to keep in mind that we're very early in the AI journey.
That's what I am saying. At the moment there is this one really dumb idea, that bigger is better.
This is not even remotely close and very silly. A ChainOfThought in a loop.
TreeOfThoughts is a more sophisticated method, see - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.10601
The clue we all had with OpenAI for a long time that this was a search through a tree, they hired Noam Brown, and his past work all hinted towards that. Q, is obviously a search on a tree like A. So take something like CoT, build out a tree, search for the best solution across it. The search is the "system-2 reasoning"