Somebody used spoofed ADSB signals to raster the meme of JD Vance
(alecmuffett.com)546 points by wubin 4 days ago
546 points by wubin 4 days ago
There is no security within ADS-B. All you need is directional antenna pointing at receiver (if you just want to fuck with website, not cause mass panic in the nearest airport tower), there is no encryption or other form of authentication in the messages.
And is Vance or Trump watching Flightradar24 in their free time? And if they did, would they even get mad at this and not find it funny? And if they did get mad at it, would they do anything at all? If they did something, would it be anything desirable or just trying to retaliate at whoever drew this?
I had also posted this story earlier, then deleted it once I learned that. However, I did find this interesting doc about real ADS-B spoofing, which does not appear to be very easy:
https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/APAC/Meetings/2025/...
That just says "you need to go outside, and own an SDR". It's very easy, there is no encryption nor authentication in the system
Man, I wrote that comment at the end of a 14hr work day. The crazy thing is that I had seen that SDR slide when I first looked at this. Hours later, when I posted the comment, I reviewed it again and completely hallucinated the SDR slide away.
I need to check all the work I did towards the end of yesterday. Valuable lesson. Thanks.
As other commenters noted, this is almost certainly not RF spoofing, just sending bad data to an aggregator (ADS-B Exchange) over the internet.
This instance of spoofing is notable for being the first that I know of that wasn't primitive vector art or text, but a raster image!
In that area of Florida multiple receivers would have picked up actual ADS-B broadcasts. ADS-B aggregators do have various anti-spoofing measures, but they're not impossible to circumvent.
The only case of actual RF spoofing of aircraft transponder signals that I know of was actually done by the U.S. Secret Service, which interfered with passenger jet collision alert systems (TCAS) by apparently broadcasting bogus signals near Ronald Reagan National Airport (KDCA): https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/aviation-flights-whi...
Just because I don't often get a chance to talk about this, I'll mention that there was a malfunction/accident/bug that caused what you might call spoofed signals to go out around Long Island and New York. Really interesting case where it seems that an FAA system wasn't handling magnetic declination correctly, which led to it generating false TIS-B targets that were rotated 13 degrees from real aircraft positions, from the radar antenna point of view: https://x.com/lemonodor/status/1508505542423064578
(TIS-B is a system that broadcasts ADS-B-like signals for aircraft that are being tracked by radar but either don't have ADS-B Out or otherwise might not be picked up by other aircraft with ADS-B In, e.g. maybe they're at a low altitude.)
There have been a couple other incidents with the TIS-B system. E.g. this apparent test near Dallas in 2022 that generated dozens of false targets in an interesting pattern: https://x.com/lemonodor/status/1481712428932997122 There was a similar incident around LAX several months later.
whoa, i saw your initial tweet about this, but never saw your follow up that confirmed the magnetic declination association. the convergence back to the ground radar is brilliant. nice find.
Notably, the history of this aircraft shows MLAT as the source for all tracking. This spoof is the first ads-b “track” for this plane.
But there’s so much wrong with the data: 50k ft at 80knots (ground speed!) in a 747.
> spoofed locations that are physically impossible to receive by said receiver?
Wait until you hear about Sporadic-E or Aurora. RF is a weird place full of natural phenomena making the impossible very possible.
I agree with this. Hopefully they're able to track down who did this. To upload to ADS-B Exchange you need an account. But it's not that difficult to get one. I'm not sure what kind of information they may be able to get on it. As you say the person who uploaded this may not be anywhere near there. The aggregators probably should have heuristics like if only one feeder in an area with a decent density of feeder coverage uploads an anomalous track, it should get flagged.
> Hopefully they're able to track down who did this.
Why? Was anybody harmed?
Hopefully they don't find out who did this. There was never any danger, and without this kind of joke, the world would be less fun.
(Obviously it should be harder to fool critical systems, so this served also as a warning, but if you want to attack such a system, a real bad guy would do this in more subtle ways.)
The FCC and the FAA are two federal agencies that really don't want to mess with, so I hope for their sake they didn't actually spoof it. (.... I wish there were an FBB as well)
Seems like it wasn't actually spoofed radio signals, but spoofed data collection uploaded to adsbexchange. Still seems unlikely to make the FAA happy, but not as bad. I assume air traffic controllers aren't relying on adsbexchange?
Maybe not "rely" on, but some definitely use public ADS-B aggregator sites.
I highly doubt any ATC on duty is looking at a public ADS-B aggregator as a real time source of information for his or her job.
if there is any critical aviation service using a 3rd party website that relies on volunteer reporting of data, they deserve whatever happens
It's still there as of now:
https://globe.adsbexchange.com/?icao=adfdf9&lat=26.678&lon=-...
This is not even a surprise. Trump has been a fan of Putin for years.
He isn't even at Putin's right hand, that's reserved for Putin's more highly regarded henchmen.
Unless I'm much mistaken, Vance's face is centered over Mar-a-Lago!
https://maps.app.goo.gl/fjqtAa2qgcWsJvFfA
https://globe.adsbexchange.com/?icao=adfdf9&lat=26.680&lon=-...
If you get the DF17 frames and extract the airborne position messages Type Codes 9–18.
Then CPR decode them into latitude/longitude....plus plot enough spoofed positions so the point cloud forms a QR code like raster on the map, then scan the rendered pattern...you get a URL to the unredacted Epstein files.
Actually spoofing ADSB radio signals could very well land you in prison with a $100,000 fine. The FCC is very eager to find and fine you for these kinds of stunts.
Spamming flightaware is much less severe, but still... it's not cute to mess with life-safety critical infrastructure.
How long before domestic terrorism charges are laid ?
Everthing seems to be domestic terrorism in the US these days.
Domestic terrorism is now an official policy goal of the "US" government, so yes, there is a lot of it.
I'm still chewing on the idea of how many supporters are bots or at least bot-adjacent (ie manufactured social proof), and what can even be done about that. When I go to my local [small, suburban] protest in a balanced red-blue area, lately it's been many honks and agreements, and only a handful of angry grimaces.
So I think the tide has long ago shifted, which makes sense what with the terror gangs executing Americans and all. The question is how we can organize into meaningful opposition when most activity happens online these days, and every non-echo-chamber forum still has extremist nutjobs who derail productive conversation.
I'd think that Congressional offices are seeing a similar dynamic too, inundated with robocalls from "constituents", the occasional untraceable threat of violence to their families if they step out of line, etc.
It's happening again. Spoofing is in progress, rendering another image. ADS-B Exchange has blocked access to the ICAOs/hexes in question--if you try to look at their history you get redirected to the base map.
For those wondering, https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/jd-vance-edited-face-photosho...
My favorite one is "Emo JD Vance" with the heavy eyeliner and the scene haircut: https://www.amazon.com/Vance-Meme-Emo-Republican-Conservativ...
Yassified Vance, which a Republican congressman actually created and posted as a legit fan edit is also very funny: https://x.com/KatAbughazaleh/status/1841491297145634831
Are funny faces funny? Are edited images funny? Are edited funny faces funny? Perhaps it just isn't your sort of humor.
I'm disappointed it doesn't seem to have a link to this Vance/Trump 'makeup' video. https://www.reddit.com/r/StrangeAndFunny/comments/1jm9kn4/jd...
A drag makeup artist has an entire series called "Queer Eye for the MAGA Guy" on republican makeup recreations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6hK_UEGBs4&list=PLNZQj4dOgd...
Reality is just so @#$%^&* weird these days. Feels like a bad dream.
Can someone explain what this means? Where would this have been seen?
Most planes broadcast their position using ADS-B, and some websites collect these signals and visualize them so you can track flight paths. Somebody broadcast a fake flight path that draws a picture of JD Vance on these sites: https://globe.adsbexchange.com/?icao=adfdf9&lat=26.678&lon=-...
To expand on that, those websites mostly operate on random volunteers self hosting a (starting price) fairly cheap receiver and antenna with an open source stack that feeds the ADS-B data to the website operator in exchange for nothing or free "premium" benefits.
The spoofer could have just sent them fake location information drawing an image using latitude, longitude and altitude for color (in the default view flight paths have different colors based on the altitude of the plane at that point in time).
They could have built an antenna and actually broadcast this data, but that would be a lot more effort and most likely some form of crime.
> Somebody broadcast a fake flight path
They didn't actually "broadcast" anything. This was created by uploading fake data to absexchange.
ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) is a protocol for planes to publish their positions, so help with the whole "not crashing into each other" thing. The data is mostly for pilots and air traffic control, but it is publicly available, and there's a number of sites that track the data so that you can see what planes are overhead or whatever.
Someone spoofed Airforce One's transponder, had it declare itself as "VANCE 1", and then fly a pattern to display the meme. Or lied to one or more of the major sites, pretending to be listening in on the ADS-B signals. It's unclear. Regardless, it's a very funny hack.
It’s basically the modern radar system as in it supplies the data air traffic controllers see on their screens. Civilian ATC doesn’t really use actual radars any more.
That said, TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System) does not operate on flight data reported by ADS-B.
Pilots would tend to not see this, neither would people using FlightRadar24
There are now multiple ones, and they are spreading through more than just ADSBExchange for this attempt.
It is on Airplanes.live ADSB,FI,and TheAirTraffic.com. Isn't on adsb.lol or FlightRadar24.
edit: op also has this, disregard
hugged but someone caught it: https://archive.is/VrEtg
Since most of these ADS-B collection sites are patchworks of unofficial/best effort, that seems like a great attack vector for nation state-level spoofing to interrupt flight planning, capacity planning, other tertiary air transport operations, and make civilians nervous. It's analogous to "hobby" code running key infrastructure of the internet without serious processes and auditing, testing, and verification.
It would be far better and more reliable to have the FAA do it by providing authoritative single source of truth as (selectively) open data rather than depend upon the whims / greed / sloppiness of an over-privatized utility. ATCs need and/or have this data anyhow, so in the future, it should be provided.
How do less neoliberal European countries do it?
It’s not “illegal broadcast which engages the FAA and FCC to hunt you down” illegal, but that doesn’t exclude other prosecutions.
Other persecutions for what? Sending crap data to an API is not a crime.
It's literally "computer fraud and abuse" in every sense of the word, so one assumes that an avenue of potential prosecution and possible conviction would be under the CFAA act. This does not, of course, guarantee that a conviction would be made and upheld at appeal, but this community is quite familiar with the dire harm that federal prosecution for misuse of computer services can impose on individuals, no matter how misguided that prosecution may be. Prosecution can be wielded as a form of persecution that does not require a conviction as outcome to be successful, and that is the a pressing risk now faced by whoever did this.
ADS-B is packet data telemetry broadcast unencrypted and unauthenticated by aircraft on 1090MHz.
Anyone can receive it, and many do. FlightRadar and others have networks of people with receivers that forward all received packets to central servers.
The aircraft self-report location, heading, altitude, etc, so anyone can transmit packets making ghost planes.
I am somewhat surprised nobody has stashed an ADS-B spoofer near ATL or AMS that just broadcasts tracks of A380 tail numbers crossing the runways perpendicular at 500 ft AGL or something. They have primary radar, sure, but I imagine there would still be a temporary disruption until people figured out what was going on.
I think this is the first case I’ve seen of ADS-B spoofing in the wild.
EDIT: this was spoofed reports to the data aggregators via the internet, not broadcast on radio waves. I’ve still never seen or heard tell of RF ADS-B spoofing.
> I’ve still never seen or heard tell of RF ADS-B spoofing.
Probably because the required expertise, effort, risk, and reward ratios don't work out. You can cause a minor disturbance that isn't particularly visible and in exchange get investigated by the FBI. Seems about as wise as attempting to graffiti the front gate of a military base.
I'm guessing this doesn't cause traffic control problems due to the no-fly zone over that area?
There was this proof of concept in 2012: https://youtu.be/CXv1j3GbgLk?t=2483
(IIUC they did not actually transmit data, just fed it directly into an ADS-B receiver, but transmitting would've been trivial at this point)
No real 747 flew this. It was a prank using impossible flight data via ADS-B spoofing. Ground-based “software-defined radios” (SDRs) broadcast fake transponder signals to trick ADS-B Exchange. This works because both the ADS-B & AIS systems use unencrypted, unauthenticated data.
It was sent to ADSBexchange's API, not over RF. No laws were broken.
This is just yet another cost and side-effect of a deeply unpopular, business-destroying, corrupt regime.
I believe this was "spoofed" only in the sense that a particular provider/online platform accepted data via an API that was abused to draw this on that platform only. Searching around it seems it was not found if you looked on other platforms, so it might not even have been a crime. I believe they didn't emit any real "signals" just took advantage of an API that should probably be better secured.
At worst it'd be a violation of the site ToS - it's a crowdsourced community data based system, and not any sort of an official, important system. The account doesn't seem to have been banned, so maybe the admins are just rolling with the joke.
> an API that should probably be better secured.
I think the API is secured? The entire premise is that a volunteer creates an account and uploads ADS-B telemetry. Detecting falsified data is a separate matter.
Sounds like authentication is working great, but their authorization design may be flawed.
How is it flawed? That is the nature of crowdsourcing.
Doubt it did anything in RF, only sent packets to adsbexchange’s web service that its volunteers feed it.
Also Adsbexchange has had some… history:
https://www.reddit.com/r/ADSB/comments/10l2euc/adsb_exchange...
https://hackaday.com/2023/01/26/ads-b-exchange-sells-up-cont...
It's almost certainly a violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act because it's an extremely broad law.
Violating terms and conditions is not a CFAA violation, per the Supreme Court case Van Buren v US (https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/03/supreme-court-cyber...) which narrowed to actual fraud and data theft.
"The Government’s interpretation of the statute would attach criminal penalties to a breathtaking amount of commonplace computer activity,” Barrett wrote. “If the ‘exceeds authorized access’ clause criminalizes every violation of a computer-use policy, then millions of otherwise law-abiding citizens are criminals."
adsbexchange is a user-generated content platform where you can submit decoded radio signals to a common database. Sending fake data to adsbexchange is as much a CFAA violation as posting hoaxes to Wikipedia or a social media platform.
Precedent won't get in the way of a tribal retaliation. They've proven that they can't be consistent with fundamental laws they've sworn to uphold.
An interesting question.
Assuming the FAA has the authority to enforce ADSB requirements (an open question post-Chevron), I can’t find any regulation saying non-aircrafts cannot transmit ADSB. Only ones saying aircrafts in certain categories must.
There’s probably some non-interference requirement somewhere (FCC spectrum licensing perhaps), but I’m not seeing it immediately.
All this is in the hypothetical that RF was transmitted, which as others point out it probably wasn’t.
It would be under the FCC regs, not the FAA regs.
Whatever transmitter you're using would not be type-accepted for operation on the 1080 MHz or 978 MHz band. (47 USC § 301)
Additionally, RF operation with the intent of willful interference is inherently illegal. (47 USC § 333)
What if you removed a genuine ADS-B unit from a plane and installed it in your vehicle?
Also does impersonation necessarily qualify as interference? Naively, I'd expect interference to refer to jamming.
A transponder in a car is not an "aircraft station" (§ 87.5), therefore it is not covered by aircraft "license-by-rule" (§ 87.18(b)), so transmitting would be operating without a valid authorization (§ 1.903(a)). https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-D...
I find it absolutely crazy how I spent around 20 minutes trying to find the rough estimates and predictions with everything to essentially summarize into the same statement which you wrote.
Although I would consider that even reddit might not be enough to cause a death wall if the infrastructure behind it is organized.
There could be a software mis configuration option, I find it the most plausible option personally.
You should’ve taken the opportunity to not have been so unnecessarily aggressive.
I mean HN has around ~5 Million unique users
Most are from US or from a HN user: population, well technically switzerland iirc (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33450094) But I don't know, I feel like there are definitely times where people create two accounts on HN or more or lose access of previous or want better names (I am thinking of creating a new account on HN myself) so assume half to go through ~2.5 million users
Over the span of one decade+ year though, a lot of people completely leave the forum and so I would consider frequent users to be around ~ 1 million
Then the people who are actually active a lot of days or are weekly active or monthly active and tonight's the night (dexter reference) that they open it,I would assume ~500k users
I would consider these ~500k impressions to be an average estimate on a really really impactful HN post on front page & they all might come through say ~24 hours.
I am being more generous and assuming 500k HN impressions on 3-6 hours timeframe then technically the server just has to handle like ~46 users/sec or ~23 users/sec
But even on a really high estimate we assume ~500 users/sec
But I have seen some benchmarks of websites/frameworks/languages which are able to handle 5k-10k requests as a really low to decent estimate depending on the task
I do feel like its something that I can architect ~500 users/sec on some hetzner box most likely at max for ~30-40 usd/month or using their smallest plan with cloudflare tunnels for around I guess ~2.99 euros or 3 euros per month
I feel like its definitely possible to survive the "HN wall of death" but any of my websites haven't gone and hit this wall but if anyone of your projects or anyone can anecdotally tell me something it would be interesting & we can discuss it.
Also I have seen this one person who was able to survive this HN wall of death on a literal 780 mb alpine server using lighthttpd. Which if we are assuming racknerd or dedirock or something can get to around ~7$/yr or ~6.70-ish$/yr deal from black friday & you can get such deals on websites like lowendtalk for quite a low price.
Though these providers have comparatively low bandwidth if you actually want the cheapest somehow option and want to survive this HN wall of death. (these providfe around 1TB-2TB/month iirc)
Personally I feel like netcup (my preferred provider) / IONOS might be better options as they are still cheap while giving more lenient bandwidth or you can also find probably some really cheap high bandwidth black friday deals around the 7$/yr mark as well
I think I am getting off topic but I really like german hosting providers usually for the most part except the only thing I do hate a (little?) about them is that I have observed that they have a reputation of being exceptionally strict to the rules/some have the more ban first-ask-later approach which um might suck if your project is a little unconvential or quite frankly it can sometimes conflict with my morals as I always feel a little bit of hestitation around building around such system.
This was not spoofed at the ADS-B layer. It was just spoofed to adsb exchange. (While typically a feeder contributes to multiple sites, this one didn't.) eg:
- https://globe.adsb.fi/?icao=adfdf9&lat=26.678&lon=-80.030&zo...
- https://adsb.lol/?icao=adfdf9&lat=26.678&lon=-80.030&zoom=14...
Relevant discussion on r/adsb: https://www.reddit.com/r/ADSB/comments/1qp3q9n/interesting/ where they note it's also absent on FR24, airplanes.live, and theairtraffic.com.
The adsb-x feeder map: https://map.adsbexchange.com/mlat-map/ They probably won't have a hard time identifying who contributed that data.