Comment by lacop
I got some empirical data on this!
Effingo file copy service does application-layer strong checksums and detects about 4.5 corruptions per exabyte transferred (figure 9, section 6.2 in [1]).
This is on top of TCP checksums, transport layer checksums/encryption (gRPC), ECC RAM and other layers along the way.
Many of these could be traced back to a "broken" machine that was eventually taken out.